Tactical Guidance for Defense Against Illegal Abductions Perpetrated by Facilities of the Troubled Teens Industry

Tactical Guidance for Defense Against Illegal Abductions Perpetrated by Facilities of the Troubled Teens Industry
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Introduction
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This article addresses minors who are at risk of being abducted by relevant institutions, referencing numerous literature and books on self-defense, combat, escape, and counter-tracking, including works by internationally recognized experts such as Rory Miller, Tim Larkin, Peter Consterdine, and Patrick Van Horne. All measures in this article aim solely to protect the personal safety of minors and provide them with opportunities for escape.

The following content is directed at minors whose personal safety is under serious threat and who may be at a physical disadvantage. The main goal is to provide a set of plans that maximize the possibility of escape in a short time and under limited conditions.

In emergencies, please jump to Section One and read Part Four of Section Two.

This article is for academic research purposes only; specific actions should be taken under the guidance of professionals and ensure legality.

(If any illegal acts are carried out using the theories and methods in this article, the contributors to this article shall not bear any form of legal responsibility.)

——Project Aurora Team

Feb2022~June 2023

Important References and Documents (Alphabetical Order)
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Advanced Krav Maga - David Kahn
Advanced Situational Awareness - Department of the Army
Combat Concepts - Peter Consterdine
Combat Use of the Double-Edged Fighting Knife - Col. Rex Applegate
Dead or Alive the Choice Is Yours - Geoff Thompson
Deadly Force Encounters - Loren Christensen
Facing Violence: Preparing for the Unexpected - Sgt. Rory Miller
Fight Like a Physicist - Jason Thalken
Fighter's Fact Book 2 - Loren Christensen
How to Survive the Most Critical 5 Seconds of Your Life - Tim Larkin, Chris Ranck-Buhr
Krav Maga Combatives: Maximum Effect - David Kahn, Sean Hoggs
Krav Maga Professional Tactics - David Kahn
Left of Bang: How the Marine Corps' Combat Hunter Program Can Save Your Life - Jason A. Riley, Patrick Van Horne
Meditations on Violence: A Comparison of Martial Arts Training With Real World Violence - Sgt. Rory Miller
Pool Cues, Beer Bottles, and Baseball Bats - Marc MacYoung
Principles of Personal Defense - Jeff Cooper
Put 'Em Down, Take 'Em Out: Knife Fighting Techniques From Folsom Prison - Don Pentecost
Real Head, Knees, and Elbows - Geoff Thompson
Real Kicking - Geoff Thompson
Real Punching - Geoff Thompson
Scaling Force: Dynamic Decision Making Under Threat of Violence - Sgt. Rory Miller, Lawrence A. Kane
Spotting Danger Before It Spots You: Build Situational Awareness to Stay Safe - Gary Quesenberry
Spy Secrets That Can Save Your Life - Jason Hanson
Street E & E - Marc MacYoung
Streetwise - Peter Consterdine
Survive Like a Spy - Jason Hanson
Survive the Unthinkable - Tim Larkin
The Big Bloody Book of Violence - Lawrence A. Kane, Kris Wilder
The Gift of Violence - Matt Thornton
The Little Black Book of Violence - Lawrence A. Kane, Kris Wilder, Lt. Col. John R. Finch, Marc MacYoung, Sgt. Rory Miller
The Modern Bodyguard: The Complete Manual of Close Protection Training - Peter Consterdine
The Pavement Arena - Geoff Thompson
Three Second Fighter - Geoff Thompson
US ARMY FM 21-150 (Hand to Hand Combat) - Department of the Army
Violence of Mind - Varg Freeborn
When Violence Is the Answer - Tim Larkin

Main Text
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Section One: Preparations Before an Incident
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Content Overview: This chapter mainly provides guidance on preparations to be made before an incident, aiming to create conditions for subsequent defense and escape.
Preparations that can be made before an incident can be divided into two aspects: reaction preparation and offensive preparation.

1. Reaction Preparation
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The first aspect, reaction preparation, is the core part of this chapter. Reaction preparation includes all preparations made in daily life to respond to threats.
The purpose of this aspect is to maximize the available reaction time. According to numerous accounts from victims, personnel from relevant institutions typically choose to carry out abductions late at night or in the early morning, when the victim's guard is at its lowest (the specific processes vary, and many victim experiences are documented online, which will not be elaborated here).
The commonality of the above behavior is one of the main reasons for the success of abductions, namely, their suddenness. The process from the victim detecting a threat to assessing the situation, making judgments, and considering responses requires a significant amount of time, far exceeding the seconds needed by the perpetrator to control the victim (see the content related to the OODA loop theory in Section Two).
The goal here is to provide sufficient reaction time through prior preparation, thereby neutralizing the aforementioned advantages of the perpetrator.

Reinforcement of Room Entrances and Installation of Simple Alarms
The first measure is to reinforce the entrance of the room or residence at night and install simple alarms. Improvements to the entrance structure include temporary reinforcements for doors and windows in low-level residences.
When reinforcing doors, they can be categorized into those that open outward and those that open inward. Considering the possibility of the perpetrator breaking down the door, outward-opening doors need to withstand attacks from both directions, requiring simultaneous measures.
Methods to counter inward threats include:
1. Stacking a large amount of furniture or heavy objects (such as chairs, cabinets, sofas, etc.) against the inside of the door, with heavier objects concentrated near the doorknob, as shown in Figure A-1.
2. Using sturdy short ropes to tie heavy furniture (close to the doorknob) in the room to the doorknob (similar to hotel anti-theft door chains), as shown in Figure A-2.
3. Inside the room, tilting a chair with its backrest higher than the doorknob backward and pressing the top of the backrest against the doorknob, with the two legs of the chair close to the ground (this method should be tested with an unlatched door beforehand to ensure sufficient friction with the ground), as shown in Figure A-3.
  To counter the perpetrator pulling the door outward, the first two methods for countering inward threats can be employed (the accumulation of obstacles in Method 1 can extend the time required for the perpetrator to break in). Additionally, a sturdy broom, mop, or similar object can be placed horizontally between the left and right door frames, with its height close to the doorknob and both ends secured to the walls inside the room with tape. Use a short rope to tie the doorknob to the bar and pull tight, as shown in Figure A-4. Reinforcement of windows can be modified based on the above measures, applying similar principles.
  The second step is to set up a simple alarm to react at the first moment of an incident. The main function of a temporary alarm is to be triggered when the doorknob (in this case, a bar handle) is turned, producing a loud sound.
  Generally, simple alarms can be installed as follows: hang a hard, heavy object with a rope in the middle of the bar handle, so that when the handle is pressed down, the rope slips, causing the heavy object to hit the ground (if the ground is carpeted or padded, ensure to place an object that can make sufficient noise upon impact with the heavy object).
  Additionally, during installation, the delay factor must be considered, which is the time interval from the turning of the doorknob to the impact of the heavy object on the ground. The delay can be adjusted by changing the height at which the heavy object is hung, generally not exceeding 0.3 seconds.

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(Image from How to Barricade a Door - Patrick Hutchison)

Daytime Preparedness for Emergencies
The second measure is to prepare for emergencies during daytime routines. Although most abductions occur at night, there are cases where crimes are committed during the day. Therefore, the following measures are aimed at daily routines outside of sleep time.
These preparations include three points: selection of indoor work positions, escape preparations, and awareness and vigilance of the environment.
1. Selection of Indoor Work Position: In a given indoor space, there are two indicators to assess the advantages and disadvantages of one's position: the distance to each entrance and the distance to potential makeshift weapons (detailed below).
  In general, the position should be against a wall or in a corner, facing entrances that connect to the outside. If there are multiple entrances, efforts should be made to keep all entrances within sight.
  Under the premise of meeting the above conditions, maximize the distance between oneself and each potential threat entrance (to provide sufficient reaction time) while minimizing the distance to each potential makeshift weapon (to shorten the required reaction time). The area around the selected position should not be cluttered with too many obstacles, leaving a clear space to avoid hindering movement in emergencies.
2. Escape Preparations: If conditions allow, a small bag of essential items should be kept nearby. This includes communication devices, inconspicuous clothing (to reduce recognition during escape), cash, and makeshift weapons for self-defense.
3. Environmental Vigilance: Daily life should involve sufficient and comprehensive awareness of the surrounding environment, maintaining a certain level of vigilance, and always being mentally prepared to escape.
  When entering unfamiliar indoor spaces, one should familiarize themselves with potential escape exits and be aware of nearby makeshift weapons, maintaining full awareness of the environment. This will be elaborated on in the third point of measures.
Travel Safety and Surrounding Environment Analysis
The third measure concerns travel safety and analysis of unfamiliar environments. This measure aims to prevent potential abduction incidents that may occur outdoors.
In earlier cases, a significant portion of victims were abducted in public places, so this article provides detailed explanations on this matter.
Abduction incidents in public places rely more heavily on suddenness and unexpectedness compared to those in residences, and they typically occur only when the crowd is sparse. Therefore, it is generally believed that effective preventive measures can avoid victims being abducted in public places. The following content provides guidance on safety issues when going out.
1. Travel Safety:
  A. Avoid Fixed Schedules:
  Fixed schedules, such as going to school or work, involve regularly traveling to fixed locations at the same time along the same route. This type of travel information can easily be exploited by perpetrators, leading to the victim being abducted along the way. To minimize the possibility of being followed or ambushed, different routes should be chosen whenever going to the same destination. Additionally, each outing can be started from different locations (or at different times) and at different speeds, using various modes of transportation. These measures will significantly reduce the likelihood of perpetrators exploiting the victim's schedule to carry out an abduction.
  B. Avoid Information Leakage:
  Turn off the location features of electronic devices, especially in social media, camera, and other applications (or permissions).
  C. Identify Potential Followers:
  Due to the low cost of abduction operations, it is unlikely that perpetrators will conduct systematic surveillance on the same target. They typically first determine that the victim will pass through relatively secluded areas before tailing and abducting them in a one-off manner. Under these conditions, identifying followers is relatively straightforward. However, it should be noted that those who typically conduct surveillance and abduction usually operate in groups of two or more and often act together.
  When going out, try to carry a small mirror to observe behind you, or use the screen of your phone. Accordingly, pay attention to reflective surfaces along the road, such as glass doors, puddles, polished metal surfaces, etc., to see if there are followers behind you. Always be aware of the surrounding crowd; if you see the same person in different locations three times in a row, you can reasonably conclude that you are being followed. To identify whether the same person is nearby, in addition to appearance, you can also judge by their shoes (as other clothing is relatively easy to change, while shoes are not).
  If you suspect you are being followed and have a clear suspect, try to stay in crowded and well-lit public places and report to the police immediately.
  If you are unsure whether you are being followed or who is following you, first ensure that you do not enter any secluded or deserted places. Based on this, there are several methods to make a judgment:
  (1) You can take public transportation, such as buses or subways, and get off at random stops, observing who gets on and off with you. Followers will typically be among those who board and alight with you. If there are many such people, you can transfer and repeat the above steps.
  (2) You can enter a building with a complex interior (such as a large supermarket or mall, which must have more than two exits; otherwise, this method is ineffective) and navigate through a complicated path to another exit. If you notice the same person before and after entering the building (and during the journey), you can confirm that you are being followed.
  (3) Make multiple turns on different streets (including U-turns) to ensure that the path you take is sufficiently complex. If you observe the same person multiple times along the way, you can confirm that you are being followed. It should be noted that you must leave the follower's line of sight to force them to follow your turns. If the suspect remains stationary after you leave their sight, it indicates they are not involved in the following.
  The above methods can be used in combination for maximum effectiveness.
  D. Other Considerations:
  When going out, try to travel in groups, avoid entering secluded places, and remain vigilant about your surroundings. When walking, do not turn your back to the road, and pay special attention to vehicles that stop nearby to prevent abductors from following in a car and suddenly getting out to abduct. If you notice suspicious individuals approaching, immediately flee towards a crowded area and seek police assistance.
2. Surrounding Environment Analysis:
  A. Detecting Anomalies Based on Behavioral Norms:
  Behavioral norms refer to the typical behaviors of a location or crowd at a given time (the commonalities in their behaviors). If someone does not conform to these behavioral norms, they will appear out of place. Once you understand the behavioral norms of a place, pay special attention to individuals who do not conform to these norms (e.g., emotions that do not match the atmosphere, wearing unusual clothing that contrasts with the crowd, or identities that do not match the location). Among these individuals, those with dangerous factors may exhibit heightened vigilance, strong attention to their surroundings (frequently looking around), and unusual focus on themselves (the victim).
  B. Observation of the Surrounding Environment:
  Always maintain observation of the surrounding environment and crowd. During this process, avoid being overly vigilant about certain individuals or things and ensure comprehensive awareness of the overall environment. In your observations, not only should you focus on the behaviors of those around you (whether they exhibit excessive vigilance or show undue concern for their surroundings or themselves), but also pay attention to potential makeshift weapons available for self-defense. When indoors, always be aware of (and remember) the locations and numbers of exits in the building and their distances from yourself.
  When going out, focus your attention on the surrounding environment, avoid using phones, headphones, or other distractions that may draw attention, and do not read long texts or engage in overly involved conversations while on the move. Anything that may reduce your awareness of the surrounding environment should be done in a known safe place.
  C. Trust Your Instincts:
  Pay attention to your instincts regarding the surrounding environment, such as feelings of tension or fear. In some cases, you may not consciously perceive these instincts, but they will manifest through physiological responses (such as adrenaline secretion, increased heart rate, etc.).
  The formation of these instincts is subconscious, rather than arising from conscious rational thought. This is one of the evolutionary advantages humans have developed to avoid danger, and it should be given full attention and importance. When your instincts sense danger or suspicion in the surrounding environment or situation, the best choice is to quickly leave the current location and head to a known safe place.
  Being aware of your instincts and relying on them to avoid danger requires avoiding normalization bias. Normalization bias refers to the tendency to view dangerous situations as normal. This cognitive error can easily lead to ignoring instinct signals (and their corresponding physiological responses), resulting in an inability to respond in a timely manner. It is important to note that instincts do not undergo conscious rational thought; when attempting to avoid risks, one should not question instincts through rational analysis, as this can easily lead to normalization bias.

2. Offensive Preparation
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The second aspect, offensive preparation, will directly connect with the specific self-defense measures in Section Two and lay the foundation for them, providing certain conditions.
This aspect mainly includes the classification, selection, carrying, and placement of makeshift weapons. The self-defense and combat guidance content in Section Two will focus on the effective use of makeshift weapons, excluding unarmed attacks that cause serious injury or death. Therefore, the following content will serve as an important foundation for practical applications later in the text.

Classification and Examples of Makeshift Weapons
In this article, makeshift weapons refer to all commonly used items that can cause certain damage to the human body. Based on their use and the targeted body structures and parts, they can be divided into five categories: high-temperature liquids, heavy objects, sharp objects, blunt objects, and powders. The key advantage of makeshift weapons lies in their commonality, as most of them are everyday items that can be easily obtained and used under limited conditions.
High-temperature liquids include boiling water, hot coffee, and other liquids that reach the boiling point (it is recommended to keep them in easily opened thermoses, carry them with you, and change the water every 2-3 hours);
Heavy objects include frying pans, iron pots, heavy flower pots or other ornaments, thermoses, metal cups, hammers, stones, or bricks;
Sharp objects include old scissors or kitchen scissors, fruit knives (kitchen knives are not recommended, reasons detailed in Section Two), screwdrivers (ensure they are sturdy, with a handle length approximately equal to the width of the palm), broken beer bottles (with sharp ends at the bottom), etc.;
Blunt objects include baseball bats, steel pipes, old chair legs, shovels, guitars, etc. (essentially, these are heavy objects of a certain length);
Powders include quicklime (which releases a large amount of heat when dissolved in water), dry powder fire extinguishers (ensure to remove the safety pin before use), chili powder, salt, etc.
Selection Criteria for Makeshift Weapons
For the selection of makeshift weapons, this article provides certain standards. Using objects that do not meet the following standards may be ineffective or even lead to injury to the user.
Heavy objects, sharp objects, and blunt objects must ensure structural integrity, strong controllability, and even force distribution on the parts of the palm or fingers that come into contact with them during use.
On this basis, heavy objects must ensure sufficient mass (which varies by individual) and have a hard striking end; sharp objects should have one end that is sharp enough for piercing at a depth of 5 cm or more (they do not need to have a cutting edge, but the tip must be sharp), and the grip should not be too small;
Blunt objects should ensure hardness at the striking end and sufficient mass. For the specific situations addressed in this article, it is recommended to prioritize high-temperature liquids and sharp objects.
Carrying, Placing, and Accessing Makeshift Weapons
Due to the suddenness of the situations faced, after selection, carrying and placement will be key factors in determining whether there is an opportunity to use makeshift weapons. In general, the carrying of portable makeshift weapons should follow these two principles:
They should be easily and quickly accessible in various postures.
The time required to retrieve them should be minimized as much as possible.
Typically, the time required to retrieve them must be less than 0.5 seconds, and whether carried on one's person or placed in different locations indoors, the retrieval actions should be practiced as much as possible before an incident to form a certain level of muscle memory, ensuring smooth retrieval under high-stress conditions.
On this basis, when indoors, one should choose to place spare makeshift weapons in multiple different locations (such as bedside tables in each bedroom, under the living room coffee table, etc.), and the distribution of placement should be as even as possible, following the principle of minimizing retrieval time. This ensures that one can respond smoothly to sudden emergencies in different locations (such as bathrooms, storage rooms, etc.).
Additionally, one should be aware of the locations of some heavy objects that are not easily portable (such as thermoses, frying pans, etc.) indoors. To be prepared for emergencies, even indoors, one should ensure to have a few makeshift weapons that can be of significant use nearby.
Furthermore, if it is not possible to take door-blocking measures at night for special reasons, sharp or blunt objects should be placed under the pillow or at the head of the bed, and knives or other sharp objects should be used whenever conditions allow.
When outdoors or in public places, one should ensure to carry makeshift weapons according to the above standards to prepare for emergencies that may occur on the street (there have been cases in previous years where incidents occurred on the street or outdoors). In different environments, one should consciously identify available makeshift weapons nearby (such as steel pipes or bricks at construction sites, knives in supermarkets, etc.), and make thorough preparations based on environmental characteristics to form a rough plan for dealing with potential threats, avoiding making incorrect decisions in emergencies.

Section Two: During an Incident
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Content Overview: This chapter mainly provides guidance on defensive measures taken before and after illegal infringements to create necessary conditions for escape.
Given the extremely low success rate of victims escaping during abductions by troubled teen facilities in the past decade, this article will adopt unconventional measures aimed at self-defense, ensuring that the perpetrator loses the ability to continue the infringement before escaping. In most cases, this is also the only possible way to escape.
The following content is the core part of the entire text, with the ultimate goal of maximizing the probability of escape for minors under various disadvantages such as physical strength and numbers.

1. Position Selection and Initial Response
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Position Selection and Relative Position Control
Most abduction behaviors targeted in this article are collectively carried out by 2-5 individuals, so at the first moment of an incident, under conditions of sufficient reaction time, the most urgent issue is to manage the relative positions with each perpetrator to avoid being surrounded. The measures for this purpose are as follows:
1. Adjust your position to ensure that all adversaries are in front of you, with those in front blocking those behind. At this time, the person directly in front will isolate the majority of others from you, as shown in Figure B-1.
  Continuously moving your feet during the defense process increases variables, making it difficult for adversaries to control the situation.

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The left image is Figure B-1. The middle and right images are B-2. (Image from How to Fight Multiple Assailants - Art of Manliness)

Initial Response Phase
After position adjustments are completed, the initial response phase begins. In some cases, during abductions, relevant criminals may impersonate national public officials, claiming to "arrest" the victim or stating that they will take them away for "investigation," demanding cooperation from the victim.
If the perpetrator has not relaxed their guard or if you are still in a position disadvantageous for attack, the only principle at this time is to superficially comply, displaying characteristics that do not pose a threat to them while preparing for an attack.
Maintaining distance is another decisive factor during the response. According to the experiment conducted by Salt Lake City Officer Dennis Tueller (Tueller Drill Study), (physiologically normal) attackers can typically cover 21 feet in 1.5 seconds (the 21-foot rule).
From this data, it can be inferred that when the distance is less than approximately 2.1-2.2 meters, due to physiological limitations, it becomes difficult to respond in a timely manner.
Therefore, during the initial response, it is necessary to maintain a certain distance from the perpetrator without raising their alertness while keeping your hands away from theirs. These safety measures aim to guard against accidental attacks and extend reaction time. Once the intent to abduct and the immediate threat to personal safety are confirmed, decisive measures must be taken.

2. Situation and Strategy Analysis
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If you have no concept of common self-defense techniques used in street fighting, it is recommended to read Sections Four and Five of Section Two before returning here to continue reading.
Given the particularity of such abduction behaviors, this article analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of both parties based on the characteristics of specific situations. This situational analysis will help the defender initially understand the characteristics of the situation they face.

Analysis of Advantages and Disadvantages of Both Parties
In the past decade, the abduction behaviors targeted in this article theoretically rely heavily on the following two advantages: 1. Numerical advantage. 2. Physical advantage (which is debatable, but this article assumes its existence). In addition to the suddenness and deceptive impersonation of public officials mentioned in Section One, these two advantages play a major role in deterring during the commission of the crime.
In contrast, the following points represent the most significant and valuable advantages for the victim:
1. The Suddenness and Unexpectedness of Defensive Actions.
  The initial response measures mentioned above and the criminals' erroneous judgment of being in an absolute advantage make the victim's defensive actions unexpected, increasing the success rate of the initial attack.
  Due to the physiological limitations of human reaction speed, under normal circumstances (with both parties facing each other at a distance of about 60-80 cm), the first strike made by the defender is usually unable to be evaded or blocked by the perpetrator, thus causing serious injury and effectively neutralizing the threat.
2. Disparity of Intent.
  In this case, the main goal of the criminals is to control the victim and take them into a transport vehicle, while the sole purpose of the defender is to incapacitate the criminals' ability to continue the infringement, thus increasing the probability of escape.
  At this time, the primary means of the criminals is controlling, aimed at restricting the victim's actions, while the means the victim should adopt is offensive, using all means necessary to neutralize the threat.
  From the perspective of street fighting and responding to antisocial violence (in this case, the only way to neutralize the threat is to incapacitate the perpetrator, which can be approximated as antisocial violence), offensive actions aimed at causing harm are significantly more likely to render the opponent incapable of continuing to pose a threat.
3. Deterrence.
  The victim's extreme resistance behavior itself has a certain deterrent effect on the perpetrator. Typically, criminals who carry out abductions belong to the exploited class within their organization (informal workers, usually earning 2000-3000 yuan/month), and once the first or second individuals are injured, demonstrating the danger of the situation, the remaining individuals are less likely to continue the infringement due to the serious safety risks involved.
  In eliminating the numerical advantage of the opponent, it is necessary to rely on means that pose a serious threat to their safety, making the perpetrator lose the willingness to continue the abduction. It should be noted that during the defense process, it is essential not only to pose a tangible threat to the perpetrator but also to ensure that the remaining perpetrators clearly and intuitively see the consequences of continuing to commit the crime, consciously deterring them and highlighting the seriousness of the situation.
4. Initiative.
  Since the control actions during the abduction process usually do not cause significant harm to the victim, the first attack during the victim's self-defense is the initial injury caused at the time of the incident.
  In other words, in most cases, the victim has the opportunity to take the initiative and inflict serious harm on the opponent first, and seizing this opportunity is one of the necessary conditions for successful defense.
  Inflicting the initial injury can cause the situation to exceed the perpetrator's expectations, leading to a loss of control over the situation, allowing the victim to take the initiative and laying a good foundation for completely neutralizing the threat.
5. Prior Preparation.
  Compared to the perpetrator, the victim has ample time to prepare for defense, prepare makeshift weapons, and formulate specific defense plans, thus having the opportunity to gain a significant advantage when conflict arises.
6. Adrenaline Secretion.
  Adrenaline can dilate blood vessels leading to muscles in a short time, enhancing strength and speed to a certain extent, shortening reaction time, and reducing pain perception, thereby minimizing the physical gap with the perpetrator.
  However, excessive adrenaline secretion may lead to reduced reaction speed, tunnel vision, decreased blood supply to the brain, and other factors that are extremely unfavorable for defense and escape.
Identification of Criminals
Note: Regarding the situation where criminals impersonate police officers claiming to "arrest" the victim: When suspicious individuals attempt to take you away under the pretext of police investigation or other excuses, you should immediately identify their identity. If determined to be criminals, once you feel threatened by being forcibly taken away, you should implement self-defense immediately.
Ways to identify police officers include:
1. Observe Police Uniform Equipment.
  Police uniforms must have four types of police insignia: rank insignia, badge number, chest emblem, and arm badge. The absence of any of these can be deemed as impersonation. The chest emblem should have the name of the province, and the badge number should consist of six Arabic numerals. (See Figure B-3)

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Figure B-3.
2. Request to Show Identification.
Refusal to show identification can be deemed as impersonation. The police officer's identification wallet is a vertical black leather wallet, with the police emblem and the words "People's Police Certificate" embossed on the front. The back is embossed with "China Police," with a three-dimensional protrusion and bright colors. When opened, the upper part contains a metal police emblem and the word "Public Security," with the lower part holding the internal card. Any detail that does not correspond can confirm it as a fake document. (See Figure B-4)

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3. Core Principles and Basic Concepts of Tactics and Strategies
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Since the theoretical content to be elaborated here is relatively abstract, if you are unfamiliar with specific attack methods commonly used in street fighting, it is recommended to read Sections Four and Five of Section Two before returning here.
The following content is the cornerstone of the defense system in this chapter and a necessary condition for successful defense.
This subsection is divided into three parts: 1. Overview of the characteristics of the defense process. 2. General principles of the defense process. 3. Requirements for the defender's mindset.

Overview of the Characteristics of the Defense Process
Before elaborating on specific concepts and principles, this section provides an overview of the characteristics of the defense process, which will serve as the foundation for this part of the content.
1. The ultimate goal of defense is to incapacitate the perpetrator's ability to continue the infringement (this state is defined as incapacitated), meaning causing irreparable damage to their vital physiological structures.
  All possible measures and means should be taken to ensure the realization of the above goal. Article 20, Section 3 of China's Criminal Law states: "Defensive actions taken against violent crimes that pose a serious threat to personal safety, such as murder, robbery, rape, and kidnapping, resulting in injury or death to the unlawful infringer, do not constitute excessive defense and do not bear criminal responsibility."
  Based on this, there are no restrictions on the defensive measures taken against the perpetrator, and all feasible means should be employed to incapacitate the opponent as the sole purpose, maximizing harm in the shortest time possible and expanding the possibility of escape to the greatest extent. This is also the basic concept and goal orientation of this chapter.
  The defense process is extremely chaotic, similar to most street fights. According to numerous accounts from street fighting survivors, situations involving multiple perpetrators and the use of weapons can lead to extreme chaos. Sufficient psychological preparation should be made for this.
  The outcome is highly random. Considering the total number of individuals involved and the limitations of human reaction capabilities, the entire defense process will be extremely chaotic and unpredictable.
  Under these circumstances, the success or failure of defense still carries a significant degree of randomness. One of the principles for implementing defensive measures in the following text is to minimize randomness as much as possible, employing strategies and tactics that are highly successful, reliable, and simple. Absolutely avoid using theoretically feasible measures and popular online "moves" that cannot inflict any harm on the perpetrator.
2. Irrelevance of Skills. This property applies to most emergency situations requiring defensive measures. Its main significance lies in the fact that, provided the attack target, defense strategy, and striking surface (i.e., the physiological structure or instrument used to inflict harm on the perpetrator) are appropriate, self-defense skills are irrelevant to the success of the defense or their relationship can be negligible.
  The irrelevance of skills also applies to the perpetrator, meaning that their training will not reduce the probability of suffering serious harm under unrestricted conditions.
  Within a certain distance (approximately 60 cm), due to physiological limitations of human reaction speed, it is impossible to timely block or evade another's attack (thus the victim's initial strike usually causes injury to the perpetrator).
  The fundamental reason why the human body is susceptible to injury lies in the physiological limitations of reaction speed, the vulnerability of vital areas, and the characteristic that damage to these areas severely affects physiological functions, rather than a lack of self-defense or combat skills.
  This means that even trained perpetrators, under unrestricted conditions, do not have a lower probability of suffering serious harm than ordinary individuals and cannot effectively resist sudden attacks and makeshift weapons (such as boiling water).
  In summary, under unrestricted conditions, the effectiveness of skill-based measures is minimal, as they cannot adapt to extremely tense and chaotic situations nor effectively weaken or balance the physical advantages of the perpetrator. They do not meet the objectives and requirements of this article.
3. When facing multiple opponents, it is essential to fully utilize the deterrent effect of extreme defensive measures, consciously allowing the remaining individuals to intuitively perceive the consequences of continuing the infringement, creating a strong psychological deterrent that prompts them to cease their criminal actions. This is currently the only relatively reliable solution for dealing with multiple perpetrators alone.
4. In most cases, the time required to neutralize a single perpetrator's threat is approximately 2-3 seconds. From identifying the target to effectively striking their vital areas to neutralize the threat, the total duration of the defense process is very short (with low physical requirements). If the threat cannot be neutralized in a short time and grappling occurs with the perpetrator, there is a high likelihood of being surrounded and controlled.
General Principles of the Defense Process
Next, the general principles of this chapter are detailed as follows:
The direct purpose of defense is to cause irreparable damage to the perpetrator's vital physiological structures (the original phrase from the book When Violence Is the Answer: "The disruption of human tissue in a specific anatomical feature such that normal function is obviously impaired, and can only be regained through medical intervention.").
From a technical perspective, the self-defense process is centered on offense rather than defense (Aggression-Focused). All measures serve only the above direct purpose.
2.1 Principle 1:
In known circumstances, the only way to neutralize the threat is to cause injury (the term "injury" in this context and below is treated as a proprietary term, specifically referring to damage that significantly impacts the normal functioning of life activities).
Unlike general self-defense guidance, the principles in this chapter attack the inherent weak structures of the human body, utilizing physiological commonalities to bypass the perpetrator's defensive line of strength.
Technically, this principle can be explained as targeting critical areas to occupy the brain's attention with the injury site, causing the loss of intent to attack or the inability to concentrate enough to effectively control the body to carry out an attack ("Inflicting enough trauma on any of these areas will shut down the brain or, at the very minimum, occupy it with the site of trauma to the exclusion of effectuating its prior will to attack."). Severe injuries can even trigger spinal reflexes, excluding the brain from the reflex arc, causing the perpetrator to lose control over their bodily movements in a short time.
The critical areas referred to here have corresponding structures and names in anatomy, with over 70 such structures in the human body, of which this article lists more than ten specific to the situations addressed (if unfamiliar with these critical areas, please jump to Section Two, Part Four). Generally, inflicting 1-2 effective strikes on the same or different critical structures is sufficient to neutralize a single perpetrator's threat. The injuries caused by such strikes include ruptured testicles, perforated eardrums, and ruptured tracheas.
Causing injury is the core part of the defensive measures in this article and the only way to achieve its objectives. Its importance stems from the following characteristics:
1. Injury Can Eliminate All Physical Advantages of the Perpetrator.
  As mentioned above, injury will cause the brain's attention to be occupied by the injury site for a short time, making it difficult to process other information or make any decisions, fundamentally undermining their ability to attack, thus excluding all advantages of strength and speed.
  It is important to note that the essence of injury here is not pain, but rather the loss of the brain's ability to effectively control the body to carry out an attack.
  Since the targeted structural weaknesses are physiological commonalities, physiologically, everyone has an equal probability of suffering injury, regardless of physical strength or muscle mass. Physical advantages may mitigate some damage from strikes to unrelated areas, but they cannot resist attacks on critical structures (such as the brainstem, eyes, etc.).
2. Injury Has Continuity.
  The initial injury will prevent the perpetrator from effectively responding to subsequent harm, ensuring the feasibility of inflicting continuous injuries, greatly increasing the probability of successfully neutralizing the threat.
3. Injury Does Not Depend on Skills and Muscle Strength.
  Typical examples include small joint manipulation, i.e., breaking finger joints, and striking the head or temple with a brick, biting parts of the body, or stabbing critical structures with sharp objects.
  In this article, self-defense measures will exist independently of skills. Because all injuries can be simply divided into three parts: target structure, striking surface (i.e., the physiological structure or instrument used to inflict harm on the perpetrator), and sufficient kinetic energy, the only necessary condition for causing injury is the reasonable selection or control of these three parts, without the need for fixed skills.
  Simultaneously, in unrestricted chaotic situations, the vast majority of martial arts and combat techniques cannot be effective; at this time, the use of makeshift weapons and the reasonable selection of target areas can provide overwhelming advantages, far more important than skills.
  Since the direct purpose here is to cause injury, all defensive measures in this chapter center on offense rather than defense and follow these principles:
4. Attack only critical structures (detailed below), ignoring other unrelated areas, with the sole purpose of causing injury during defense.
5. Use all feasible means to incapacitate the opponent. A typical example is, based on the use of makeshift weapons, causing the perpetrator's critical areas to collide with hard external structures, such as making their occipital region (brainstem area) violently collide with a wall.
6. Inflict the initial injury proactively. Once the intent of the perpetrator to commit a crime and the immediate threat to oneself are confirmed, effective attacks should be swiftly executed to damage vital physiological structures. The time from confirming the existence of a threat to the perpetrator beginning to exert control is the optimal time for attack, ideally inflicting injury during this period.
  Any hesitation at this time is extremely dangerous. The initial injury is a crucial node at the time of the incident; before this, the threat faced by the victim remains severe. After this, the initial injury causes the situation to exceed the perpetrator's expectations, leading to a loss of control over the situation, allowing the victim to take the initiative and effectively deterring the remaining individuals, significantly increasing the success rate of defense.
  The focus of the attack is to render the perpetrator incapable of inflicting harm under any conditions, rather than seizing or controlling their weapons. Experiments have shown that in cases where criminals attack with weapons, directly attacking their vital areas is more effective than seizing or controlling the weapon (the experimental process will be detailed below). This is mainly because the perpetrator retains the ability to inflict significant harm even after losing their weapon. Therefore, the measures outlined below directly target the critical structures of the human body, without any defensive or controlling actions.
7. Once the identity of the perpetrator is confirmed, the best choice is to launch an immediate attack; any hesitation at this time will dramatically increase the danger of one's situation. Even if one is unsure how to defend, decisive action must be taken to attack immediately; otherwise, escape will be nearly impossible.
8. Never give up defense until all threats from the criminals are neutralized. Given the severity of the situations targeted in this article, no further explanation will be provided on this point.
Tactical Concepts and Mindset Analysis
Following the general principles, the following outlines the mindset that defenders should possess in this chapter, which is a concrete manifestation and application of the principles mentioned above. According to Tim Larkin's book When Violence Is the Answer, the mindset to adopt when responding to antisocial violence can be divided into the following two points: 1. Intent. 2. Initiative.
3.1 Intent:
Intent is the core of the defensive mindset in this article and a key factor in past records where untrained criminals were able to injure or kill professional fighters on the street. Here, intent is defined as: ignoring all other aspects, with the sole purpose and direction of causing injury (Single-minded, goal-oriented focus on causing injuries to the exclusion of all else).
In practical situations, intent specifically includes the following points:
1. Tendency to Act or Attack. This article requires defenders to unconditionally lean towards attacking when an incident occurs; this tendency greatly increases the success rate in situations where defense is necessary. This also means that the defender must have the willingness to inflict serious harm on the perpetrator.
2. Continuously Identify and Focus on the Exposed Vital Areas of the Opponent, Always Prepared to Attack. This point runs through the entire process of contact with the perpetrator and is one of the conditions for implementing effective attacks. Throughout the defense process, the victim should focus on only two questions: A. Are there any critical areas on the perpetrator that can be struck? If so, where specifically? B. Are there any makeshift weapons available for attack? Can they be obtained from the surrounding environment, or can effective unarmed strikes be made?
  These two points are the only ones directly relevant to the purpose of causing injury. All other aspects should not be considered; otherwise, attention will be diverted, leading to reduced reaction speed and being controlled.
  In other words, in all situations, there should be a continuous cycle from identifying vital areas to implementing attacks, and then back to re-identifying vital areas until the threat is completely neutralized. Considering whether a specific strike will cause injury, what actions the perpetrator will take next, whether the defense will succeed, and how to escape if the defense fails are extremely serious errors that should be avoided at all costs.
  The goal is to make violence one-sided in the shortest time possible, ensuring that the perpetrator completely loses the ability to inflict violence. The optimal method to achieve this goal is to inflict the initial injury on the perpetrator at the first moment. The initial injury ensures the success of neutralizing the threat, i.e., by weakening the perpetrator's ability to resist subsequent harm, ensuring the realization of continuous injuries.
Focus on the Purpose Rather Than the Process During Defense. This chapter requires defenders to concentrate on the purpose of causing injury and to be guided by this purpose, rather than focusing on the process of executing individual attack actions. In the situations described in this article, the intent to cause serious injury is one of the key necessary conditions for incapacitating the opponent, far outweighing the specific actions, methods, and weapons used in the strikes.
In other words, when causing injury, the intention to inflict harm on a critical area must precede the action of attacking that area, guiding the actions and methods of the attack. For example, when attacking the opponent's face with an elbow strike, the sole focus should be on ensuring that the opponent is knocked out or their face is shattered, rather than whether the elbow strike is executed perfectly.
All actions targeting critical areas must be guided by the clear intent to cause injury; defense can only proceed on this basis to maximize the possibility of causing injury. A typical example is when using makeshift weapons; if the weapon is controlled by the perpetrator, the defender should not attempt to reclaim the weapon (i.e., focusing on the process) but should immediately let go and, before the opponent reacts, attack their vital areas with bare hands (to achieve a proactive effect).
3.2 Initiative:
Next, the concept of initiative will be analyzed. Initiative is the core of the defensive strategy in this article, meaning unconditionally leaning towards attacking and actively controlling the direction of changes in the situation during the defense process.
According to the OODA loop theory proposed by U.S. Air Force Major John Boyd, in violent conflicts, both opposing sides essentially compete over which side can more efficiently complete the cycle of Observe, Orient, Decide, and Act. Both sides start with observation, observing themselves, the environment, and the enemy, and based on these observations, gather relevant external information, adjust their state in response to perceived external threats, make decisions, and take corresponding actions.
In practice, the OODA loop theory can be used to extend the time required for the enemy's cycle while shortening the time required for one's own cycle, enabling the defender to have the initiative. This is the essence of initiative as a concept and strategy. The following methods will be specifically analyzed:
1. Focus Solely on One's Own Attacks, Not Diverting Attention to the Perpetrator's Control Measures. The perpetrator's attempts to control the victim's actions will not cause harm in most cases, but due to the victim's physical disadvantage, it is generally difficult to break free. If there is still an opportunity to attack the perpetrator, one should ignore their actions and directly attack their vital areas to incapacitate them.
  When the victim ignores the perpetrator's control measures and directly attacks their vital areas, the defense situation will undergo the following changes: the situation exceeds the perpetrator's expectations, causing their OODA loop process to revert to the observation step, and the time required for observation, adjustment, and decision-making increases (i.e., the time required to react increases); by ignoring the perpetrator's actions and focusing solely on the attack, the victim does not need to pay attention to defensive information and decisions, significantly reducing the time required for the first three steps of the OODA loop (i.e., speeding up reaction time).
2. Focus on Available Makeshift Weapons and Attackable Critical Areas, Ignoring Personal Injuries. When the defender resists with force, the perpetrator may exhibit aggressive behavior under special circumstances, but typically this will not cause significant harm and will not result in injury. The defender should be psychologically prepared for such non-critical injuries. In this situation, due to physiological limitations on reaction speed, being injured is almost unavoidable and will extend the time for the OODA loop to proceed (simultaneously focusing on both defense and attack will lead to divided attention, slowing reaction speed).
  However, since such injuries will not incapacitate the body, the defender can choose to ignore them and unconditionally lean towards attacking, thereby shortening the time required for their own OODA loop. Additionally, because the perpetrator's attack does not cause the defender to defend or comply, the situation exceeds their expectations, causing the perpetrator to revert to the beginning of the loop, thus extending the time required for observation, adjustment, and decision-making. This significantly increases the probability of incapacitating the perpetrator.
3. Proactive Action. The victim's defensive measures should not wait until the perpetrator begins their attack but should be implemented at the first moment the threat is confirmed. Surprise attacks can allow the victim to fully exploit the perpetrator's relaxed state of vigilance, swiftly incapacitating 1-2 perpetrators and taking control of the direction of the situation. The resulting chaos is within the victim's expectations but completely exceeds the perpetrator's expectations, causing severe confusion in their OODA loop process, which is beneficial for subsequent actions.
  Simultaneously, to fully utilize the initiative of being proactive, when facing threats from multiple individuals, one must ensure to incapacitate one person before immediately rushing to the next target to implement defense, ensuring that each defense against every perpetrator can seize the initiative.
  Regarding initiative and intent, the U.S. military and law enforcement agencies conducted an experiment: two instructors were placed in a simulated situation where one was instructed to stab the unarmed other with a knife (using a rubber knife for simulation). In the first group of experiments, the second person was instructed to use conventional self-defense techniques to seize the knife (i.e., limited to defense); the simulation results showed that in repeated experiments, the first person suffered no significant injuries, while the second person's survival probability approached zero. In the second group of experiments, the second person was prohibited from using any defensive actions and was instructed to inflict serious injury on the first person in the shortest time possible (i.e., limited to attack); the results showed that the second person had significantly fewer stab wounds, while the first person suffered injuries comparable to those of the second person in most cases. This experiment is a relatively complete practical manifestation of the above theory.

4. Analysis of Vital Areas and Application of Makeshift Weapons
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Analysis of Vital Areas in the Human Body
As mentioned above, certain critical structures in the human body, when injured, can cause the brain to partially lose control over effective attacks for a short time, thereby incapacitating the body (due to physiological differences among individuals, it can only be ensured that incapacitation occurs in most cases, with some randomness). In the defense process, these vital areas will serve as the main targets for attacks. According to the U.S. Army Field Manual (US Army FM 21-150), the vital areas in the human body and their corresponding responses when struck are as follows (this article has filtered out a portion of attack actions with lower physical requirements, with 1-9 being suitable for unarmed strikes and 10-14 requiring weapon attacks):
1. Eyes:
  Lightly poking the eyes can cause uncontrollable tearing and blurred vision, while a stronger stab or poke may lead to temporary blindness. It is also possible to remove the eyeball [which is generally difficult to achieve, but the action of removing the eyeball (should be done from the inside out) will stretch the optic nerve, causing intense pain and disorientation, as well as blurred vision]. If fingers penetrate behind the eyes and enter the brain, it could lead to death. Attacking this target has a high success rate for incapacitation and carries significant deterrent power.
2. Nose:
  The weak cartilage at the bottom of the nose can be easily broken, causing intense pain and uncontrollable tearing. In most cases, striking this area can temporarily effectively relieve the threat. However, under conditions of excessive adrenaline secretion in the body, the probability of complete incapacitation is relatively low; it generally serves as the starting point for continuous injuries, increasing the chances of subsequent attacks' success.
3. Side of the Jaw:
  Striking may cause jaw dislocation or localized facial paralysis, and under normal force, it can easily render a person unconscious. After attacking this area, one can determine whether incapacitation has occurred based on whether the opponent has lost consciousness.
4. Chin:
  Being struck may cause localized paralysis, mild concussion, or loss of consciousness. The force used in the strike will affect the part of the brain that controls heart function and breathing mechanisms. The standard for determining incapacitation after attacking this target is the same as above.
5. Throat:
  A strong strike to the front of the throat can rupture the trachea, leading to death. Under normal force, it can cause extreme pain and vomiting. Crushing the Adam's apple yields the best results. The probability of incapacitation from injury to this target is extremely high.
6. Side of the Neck:
  The carotid artery, internal jugular vein, and vagus nerve located here can cause confusion when subjected to severe impact (pressure on the vagus nerve leads to decreased blood pressure). A lighter strike can cause intense pain and involuntary muscle spasms; concentrating force on the middle of the neck, just below the ear, can achieve maximum effect (the location roughly coincides with the carotid artery). Overall, striking the side of the neck is an ideal way to temporarily incapacitate the body.
  As a relatively special target, attacking it can achieve the defensive effects required in this article, but it is not easy to cause lasting damage. If the opponent does not lose consciousness, continuous attacks must be implemented.
7. Back of the Neck:
  A strong strike can cause whiplash or concussion. The probability of incapacitation is high, but it still depends on the specific situation.
8. Stomach (or Abdominal Nerve Plexus):
  Located just below the sternum, striking this area primarily causes pain; hitting the abdominal nerve plexus can cause diaphragm relaxation, leading to difficulty breathing or loss of consciousness. The probability of incapacitation from injury to this target also depends on the specific situation.
9. Groin:
  Attacking this area essentially strikes a nerve cluster, regardless of gender. Under normal force, it can incapacitate a person (with rare exceptions) and cause intense pain, even leading to confusion. It is important to note that striking this area may not immediately lead to incapacitation; the effects may be delayed in some cases, so be prepared for continuous attacks.
10. Clavicle:
  Located at the front of both shoulders, a fractured clavicle can prevent the opponent from controlling the same-side arm and may cause brachial plexus or subclavian artery rupture.
11. Back of the Hand:
  The nerves on the back of the hand are located above the hand bones, and striking this area will cause intense pain. Additionally, the small bones on the back of the hand are easily broken, leading to impaired finger movement. The probability of complete incapacitation is relatively low, but it can effectively reduce the perpetrator's ability to control or attack.
12. Hamstring (located at the back of the thigh connecting the gluteal muscles and the back of the knee):
  Severing the hamstring can lead to disability.
13. Shinbone:
  Located at the front of the lower leg, it lacks muscle protection; striking with a hard object will cause severe pain and may lead to fractures.
14. Top of the Foot:
  The bones on the top of the foot are relatively thin and can be easily broken, hindering movement.
Application of Makeshift Weapons
As the primary means of defense in this article, the use of makeshift weapons plays a crucial role in achieving defensive objectives. The classification and selection of makeshift weapons have been explained in Section One. Here, a detailed description of the target areas and corresponding attack methods for different types of makeshift weapons will be provided.
The following standards apply to the description of distances: standing upright, extending the arm straight forward parallel to the ground, with fingertips pointing forward. The distance from the fingertips to the body is the kicking distance, from the wrist to the body is the punching distance, and from the midpoint between the wrist and elbow to the body is the elbow strike distance.
High-Temperature Liquids:
A. Applicable Distance:
No specific limit, as long as accuracy in pouring is ensured. Typically less than 2.3-2.5 meters.
B. Physical Requirements:
None.
C. Best Attack Targets:
Head, face, groin, and other areas rich in nerves. Larger targets such as the torso can also be chosen. Generally, any part of the body can serve as a target.
D. Usage Method:
Place in a thermos or insulated cup and pour towards the target. The liquid must be contained in a sufficiently high cylindrical container; otherwise, it is easy to splash the liquid onto the hands while pouring. Additionally, care should be taken to prevent residual liquid from flowing down the cup and burning the palm. To ensure accuracy and reduce the chance of evasion, pour from below towards the perpetrator's head, increasing the coverage area. When facing multiple perpetrators, the same principle can be applied to sweep the liquid to attack multiple individuals simultaneously.
Due to certain risks, it is essential to ensure proficiency in using this method even under extreme stress, making repeated practice and testing crucial. The above methods are for reference only; during practice, various attack methods can be tried to select the one that is most suitable for the individual.
Heavy Objects:
A. Grip:
Ensure that it does not slip from the hand under severe shaking; double-handed grip is advisable if necessary.
B. Applicable Distance:
Within punching distance.
C. Physical Requirements:
Relatively higher requirements compared to other instruments in this article, and those below average strength should use caution.
D. Best Attack Targets:
Head, face, back of the hand, top of the foot.
E. Usage Method:
Strike downwards towards the target area, with the direction as vertical as possible.
Sharp Objects:
A. Grip:
Hold naturally with a fist; can choose either a forehand grip (sharp end pointing forward and upward, extending from beside the thumb, similar to the grip used for cutting items) or a backhand grip (sharp end pointing down, thumb pressing on the dull end to prevent slipping). The backhand grip can hide the sharp object from the opponent's view.
B. Applicable Distance:
Within punching distance.
C. Physical Requirements:
None.
D. Best Attack Targets:
(1) Eyes. The likelihood of cutting the eyes is very low; it is recommended to control the opponent's head or neck with one hand and stab inward with the other hand, ideally piercing the brain from the eye socket.
(2) Neck (mainly including the critical areas analyzed earlier; the entire neck can be targeted during knife attacks). The carotid artery, trachea, and spinal cord located just below the skull are extremely important targets.
(3) Abdomen and areas of the torso without rib protection. Due to the larger target area, it is easier to injure internal organs; the abdomen is a relatively ideal target. It is also possible to stab upward from just below the sternum, which can penetrate the lungs if the instrument is long enough, potentially causing difficulty in breathing.
(4) Groin. This is a relatively safe and ideal target for sharp objects. Due to its low position, it is easy to attack and difficult to defend against.
(5) Legs. Stabbing the thigh can effectively hinder the opponent's normal movement.
(6) The hamstring mentioned earlier can serve as a backup target in special circumstances.
E. Usage Method:
Injuries caused by sharp objects and knives typically result from puncture wounds rather than general cuts or scratches. Therefore, stabbing inward should be chosen, maximizing the depth of penetration and avoiding actions that cannot cause puncture wounds, such as chopping or hacking.
Simultaneously, to avoid the weapon being seized, it should be kept close to the body or hidden behind the back before launching an attack (it can also be held in a backhand grip, but do not extend the knife towards the opponent before attacking to avoid it being seized).
When attacking, ensure to stab quickly and continuously; this increases the probability of hitting vital areas and raises the amount of blood loss. Generally, the target does not need to be strictly controlled within the above range; instead, increasing the number of stabs ensures injury to critical areas.
Blunt Objects:
A. Grip:
Hold tightly with one or both hands (using one hand for increased flexibility when strength is sufficient; if physically weaker, use both hands to increase power). Grip as low as possible on the blunt object (more suitable for attacking).
B. Applicable Distance:
Depends on the specific situation.
C. Physical Requirements:
Slightly lower requirements compared to heavy objects, but caution is still advised.
D. Best Attack Targets:
(1) Head. Under reasonable equipment selection (with sufficient mass), attacking the head can cause the opponent to lose consciousness, and striking the back of the head can be fatal.
(2) Throat. Grip both ends of the blunt object and quickly thrust it forward and upward, violently striking the Adam's apple and trachea, which can shatter the Adam's apple and potentially rupture the trachea.
(3) Neck. As analyzed earlier.
(4) Clavicle. As mentioned above.
(5) Shinbone. As mentioned above.
(6) Back of the Hand. As mentioned above.
E. Usage Method:
Do not point the blunt object forward before attacking to attempt to achieve a deterrent effect, as this may lead to the weapon being seized. When swinging the object, avoid overly large movements; instead, increase speed while ensuring power, and do not make overly large suggestive movements (such as pulling the object back) before striking.
While swinging, one can also flick the wrist in the direction of the object's movement, causing the object to rotate around the wrist as the striking direction increases (as shown in Figure B-5). Ideally, the segment closest to the front of the blunt object should make contact with the target.

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Figure B-5. (Image from Pool Cues, Beer Bottles, and Baseball Bats - Marc MacYoung)

Powders:
A. Applicable Distance:
Depends on the specific situation. Testing beforehand is advisable.
B. Physical Requirements:
None.
C. Best Attack Targets:
Eyes.
D. Usage Method:
Quickly pour a large amount of powder towards the opponent's face, maximizing coverage to ensure it enters their eyes. At this time, it will cause intense irritation to the eyes, severely affecting vision. When using, pay attention to the wind direction to avoid the powder being blown back.

5. Basic Unarmed Combat and Example Analysis
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According to the defensive thinking in this article, self-defense should primarily utilize makeshift weapons, avoiding unarmed defense whenever possible.
In cases where unarmed defense is absolutely necessary, this subsection provides solutions. However, it is essential to note that using unarmed combat to neutralize threats carries high randomness and difficulty for untrained individuals, posing significant risks; in the situations targeted in this article, it can only serve as a supplementary means.
This subsection is divided into three parts:

Analysis of the physiological structures of contact between oneself and the target.
Analysis of attack methods targeting key target structures.
Ways to increase the utilization of strength.
Analysis of Striking Surfaces and Example Interpretation
As mentioned in the previous section (3: Core Principles and Basic Concepts of Tactics and Strategies), "All injuries can be simply divided into three parts: target structure, striking surface (i.e., the physiological structure or instrument used to inflict harm on the perpetrator), and sufficient kinetic energy. The only necessary condition for causing injury is the reasonable selection or control of these three parts, without the need for fixed skills." This section first analyzes the striking surfaces, focusing on those that are relatively safe for the user and have lower physical requirements.
1. Base of the Palm (i.e., the bottom of the palm).
  In unrestricted (unprotected) situations, punching can easily lead to finger joint fractures or severe injuries; for individuals with little training, there is a risk of wrist sprains under pressure. To address this issue, using the base of the palm as a striking surface is a relatively safe alternative. An example is shown below (as in Figure B-6):

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Figure B-6. (Image from US Army FM 21-150 (Hand to Hand Combat) - Department of the Army)
Among the vital areas listed above, the nose (and the area between the mouth and nose, which is rich in nerves), chin, and side of the jaw are suitable for palm base attacks. When standing face-to-face with both parties, the striking methods for each target are similar to the above image, i.e., striking from below towards the front and upward (when striking the nose, the base of the palm should land below the nose, striking upward to shatter the cartilage or dislocate it). Under normal conditions, the applicable striking distance for the base of the palm is between punching distance and elbow strike distance.
Using the base of the palm as a substitute for punching retains some characteristics of punching to a certain extent, being approximately equivalent in some cases. However, it should be noted that in the situation depicted in the above image (i.e., both individuals standing face-to-face without squatting), due to the physiological limits of the wrist joint, the base of the palm should not strike areas below the sternum; otherwise, it may cause severe injury to the wrist joint (at this point, the fingers will touch the target before the wrist, and continuing to press the base of the palm forward is equivalent to forcibly bending the wrist beyond its natural extension). Similarly, during the attack, the fingers should be naturally relaxed and bent downward to avoid accidental hooking by the opponent's arm or other parts. The base of the palm should never be replaced by the middle of the palm or fingers to contact the target, as this could lead to the aforementioned results.
2. Elbow.
The most notable feature of elbow strikes is their ability to generate significant lethality at close range (suitable for elbow strike distance and within). Another advantage is that the elbow tip has a small contact area but generates high pressure, making it easy to cause difficult-to-recover damage to the target's tissue structure. It is important to note that the lethality (kinetic energy) of elbow strikes largely depends on the power of trunk rotation (as detailed in Figure B-7). When implementing an attack, to avoid the opponent dodging, one can hook the opponent's neck with one arm while striking with the elbow. In most cases, the ulna (the end of the forearm near the elbow) can also be used as a striking surface to increase the hit rate.
In general, elbow strikes target areas including but not limited to the side of the jaw, throat (trachea), face, side of the neck, and back of the neck. Specific actions are illustrated in Figure B-7:

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Figure B-8. (Image from US Army FM 21-150 (Hand to Hand Combat) - Department of the Army)

Forehead.
Using the forehead as a striking surface is a special attack method at very close range, most commonly seen in street fighting, characterized by its unexpectedness and difficulty to defend against. The main method is to control the position of the opponent's head and then violently strike their mouth and nose area with the forehead (similar to a large nodding motion, with the forehead moving forward and downward). Since the forehead is one of the hardest structures in the human body, striking the relatively weak mouth and nose has a clear structural advantage (never strike the opponent's forehead, as this can easily lead to brain injury). It is crucial to note that this method generally has a high success rate only when the opponent's head is stationary or controlled. An example is shown in Figure B-9:

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Figure B-9. (Image from www.martialtribes.com)

Forearm.
The forearm (specifically, about 2-3 inches above the wrist) serves as a striking surface specifically targeting the Adam's apple, potentially causing severe trauma to the trachea. The method involves bending the arm (elbow joint) to the maximum extent, with the palm facing down and the forearm parallel to the ground (with the elbow joint facing outward). When attacking, step forward (requiring a rapid and significant forward shift in weight to increase impact force), quickly thrust the forearm forward to strike the opponent's Adam's apple (as illustrated). Due to the limitations of arm length, this action can only be executed within elbow strike distance. To ensure hitting the target, the forearm can also be pushed forward and upward near the collarbone (to avoid the action being too high and missing the target).
It is important to note that the effective execution of the above actions relies on the use of body weight (i.e., weight transfer); to achieve the penetrating force required to cause injury, the center of gravity must rapidly move forward a certain distance during the attack (this can be understood as a forward pressing motion, with the distinction that stepping forward is necessary to avoid losing balance). The distance moved should at least allow the defender to end the attack in the original position of the perpetrator.
Like most attack actions, the effectiveness of forearm strikes also relies on the power generated by trunk rotation to achieve sufficient force to cause injury. As shown in Figure B-10:

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Figure B-10. (Image from The Little Black Book of Violence - Lawrence A. Kane, Kris Wilder, Lt. Col. John R. Finch, Marc MacYoung, Sgt. Rory Miller)

Others (Special Methods).
The "others" mentioned here can strictly be categorized under "striking surfaces," but considering the corresponding actions, they will be classified as "special methods."
The first is small joint manipulation. In simple terms, this involves taking the relatively fragile small joints of the body (such as wrists, finger joints) and bending them beyond their physiological limits (which can be simply understood as dislocating or tearing the ligaments at the joint, visually described as "breaking"). For untrained groups, attacking thicker joints surrounded by muscle, such as the wrist, is not recommended. Typically, a safer and more reliable target is the finger joints. Considering the physiological structure of the hand, bending the fingers backward is more likely to break them; if necessary, one hand can hold the palm to stabilize it while the other hand grabs the fingers and bends them. The action should be as quick as possible to ensure a high success rate. In different situations, one can also choose to bend the fingers in different directions.
Additionally, teeth are also an extremely important weapon in the human body. Biting the opponent's body at close range is an effective means in street fighting; biting down hard and then tearing in a certain direction, ideally targeting protruding areas (such as the nose, fingers, ears, Adam's apple, etc.) and pulling hard after biting down. However, this method has the drawback of easily leading to the user contracting bloodborne diseases, so the pros and cons should be weighed, and rational choices made.
Comprehensive Application Explanation:
In practical application, the attack methods corresponding to the above striking surfaces are not fixed; they are merely tools that can provide sufficient kinetic energy to cause injury. The key lies in effectively striking the target structure using reliable striking surfaces with sufficient kinetic energy.
Therefore, the targets that can be attacked by the striking surfaces are not limited in range and can be flexibly changed as needed. A typical example is elbow strikes, which can cause significant injury to almost any target (including the stomach, liver, etc.) when conditions allow.

Analysis of Attack Methods Targeting Key Target Structures
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For relatively important attack targets on the human body, there is a certain degree of flexibility in the corresponding attack methods, which will be analyzed in detail here.

Eyes.
When the perpetrator has not yet developed a sense of vigilance and there is an opportunity for a proactive attack, the eyes are one of the most critical attack targets. Attacking the eyes can efficiently incapacitate the opponent and neutralize the threat.
When attacking the eyes, if holding a sharp object, the preferred method is to secure the opponent's head and stab into the eye socket with the sharp object, ideally piercing the brain. For unarmed attacks, there are several different approaches. Here is a relatively high-success-rate and relatively easy method: while securing the opponent's head (e.g., hooking their neck with an arm), use the fingers of the other hand to assist in securing the side of the head, with the thumb stabbing into the side